Comparing Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Looking at Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau - Essay Example One of the key issues engaged with the discussion on legitimization of political authority is the harmony between restrictions forced by any political power and individual opportunity. From one viewpoint, opportunity is uncommonly essential to the life of an individual in numerous faculties. Then again, an individual can not be permitted to act exclusively at their will: there must be sure principles for conduct. Building up this harmony between singular opportunity and interests of the network is the key errand of any state and government which acts like a stabilizer. In the event that this parity is set up, the most significant level of individual opportunity is accomplished while the danger of falling into all out political agitation is maintained a strategic distance from (Popper, 1985). As indicated by Thomas Hobbes, in ancient savage occasions before any kind of government developed, there was consistent war with â€Å"every man, against each man† (Hobbes, 1668, p.12). Therefore, Hobbesian legitimization of power legitimately followed from the all out ruthlessness of individuals in their regular state portrayed by prejudice: accommodation to power was the best way to dispose of the severity and narrow mindedness of the State of Nature (Hobbes, 1668). On the other hand, John Locke accepted that the first condition of man was not as unfriendly as Hobbes suspected. In Locke’s feeling satisfaction, reason and resilience were the center attributes of the common man, and all people, in their unique state, were equivalent and completely allowed to seek after things, considered as undeniable rights, in particular â€Å"†¦life, wellbeing, freedom and possessions† (Locke, 1990, standard. 6). Be that as it may, Locke’s State of Nature isn't turbulent with each individual seeking after its own proud objectives. Notwithstanding nonattendance of any position or government with the ability to rebuff the subjects for wrong activities, Locke accepted that the State of Nature was adequately managed by ethical quality. Since every person in the

Literature Review - How Sustainability Strategies can be measured A

- How Sustainability Strategies can be estimated An of GRI and RepRisk - Literature survey Example on what organizations over the globe can do to accomplish manageability and the significant job that supportability plays for them in their day by day corporate administration errands. This audit in this way investigates the meaning of maintainability just as the techniques that accompany manageability rehearses. In conclusion, there is an attention on supportability and trust and why it is significant that partners have adequate trust in organizations. Two significant hypothetical ways to deal with the meaning of supportability were recognized in the surviving writing. The first of these had to do with the perspective on supportability from the point of view of effectiveness, where organizations are relied upon to show most extreme desire in their way to deal with social, monetary and ecological usage of assets (Adams and Geoffrey, 2008). The individuals who contend for proficiency have for the most part discussed that organizations ought to have the option to take the negligible degree of social, financial and ecological assets and transform this into a suitable finished result that benefits a normal individual in the network (Nidumolu, Prahalad and Rangaswami, 2009). This implies such scholars accept that where there is the unreasonable utilization of asset, this can bring about waste. There is a second way of thinking that centers around adequacy point of view, contending that manageability ought to be a system of how well an or ganization can quantify what is adequate for its need in the creation of social, monetary and natural results (Sparkes and Cowton, 2013). This implies the issue of amount should possibly be factor when assets utilized are believed to bring about waste. The two definitions reprove maintainability to be a three-level idea having segments of financial, social and natural results. The principal way of thinking would anyway be noted to have neglected to value the way that amount is consistently comparative with a normal result (Szejnwald, de Jong and Levy, 2009). In this end, the second way of thinking on adequacy is received

Post-Thanksgiving Post-stuff and Foodstuffs

Post-Thanksgiving Post-stuff and Foodstuffs Since I last posted, I got one year older (waaaaay back in October). Also during that time, presumably because Ive gotten older and wiser, Ive learned a number of things: At MIT, the week of my birthday has always been busy, because its always right around midterms. Those not-quite-fun pset parties Ive typically blogged about in the middle of October? And the exams Ive had to study for? It wasnt to make my birthday not fun; it was because thats just how the cookie crumbled. That realization helped me beat myself up less over the idea of always doing at least a fair amount of work on my birthday, because now I know that its a sense of responsibility, not a crippling imbalance in work-life matters and how I deal with them, thats at the root of it. For what its worth, I enjoyed some Mediterranean for a birthday lunch at Vlora, right over in Copley Square. As its couched underneath a few other stores in the area, its hard to find, but very delicious! Id recommend trying the feta and watermelon appetizers it sounds like a weird combination, but it tastes good all the same. My neurobio lab is expanding my brain unlike anything else. 9.12, or my Neurobiology Lab class, is arguably one of the most oh-god-Ive-fallen-into-the-deep-end-of-knowledge classes Ive ever taken. And thats in both a good and a bad way. At times, theres quite a nice rush associated with it, like when a TA handed me an anesthetized mouse and had me conduct a perfusion to fix its brain, a surgical procedure that I internalized after waiting in line behind 5 or 6 students. There was also that time when one of our professors turned us loose on the internet to research our favorite microscopy method.  Mine was digital holographic microscopy, which combines lasers, holographs, and general optical coolness not all of which I completely understand to render images in three dimensions. If you think theres anything cooler than that, then Im sorry, but youre wrong. At other times, its quite a lot to handle, and I almost dont know how to get started with things. That same professor from the previous paragraph challenged our class to make cell membranes invisible for in vivo imaging. Thing is, weve gotten close to satisfying one part of that equation:  Scale, developed over a year ago, uses glycerol, urea, and a detergent to turn membranes transparent. However, its too toxic to do live imaging. Should anyone in my class overcome that problem, a bunch of biologists and neuroscientists would probably want to talk to them, as it turns out that nobody at all has nailed this one. On just a cursory glance at these papers Im using to orient myself, I can understand why: chemical tissue clearing doesnt look easy. SoMIT assigning students a problem that scientists the world over havent yet figured out yet? Yep. (Oy vey.) Cooking is basically culinary chemistry. (And that gives me a new appreciation for it.) (Well, I always sort of knew that, but only theoretically.) A few weeks ago, I wouldve relied on draining my wallet to get myself a decent lunch, like Chipotle or something frozen that you can microwave. If I wanted to be thriftier, well, I could either make a sandwich (which gets boring after a while), or I could eat snacks or scout for free food or something. On the whole, my options are limited if Im in a money-saving mood. That all changed when I started to pour more energy into cooking things more complicated than ramen or Pop-Tarts which, sadly, I didnt even always put in a toaster. Given the right ingredients, I can now vary up what I eat by whipping up the following: Scrambled eggs Omelettes Salads (I know, not incredibly hard by itself, but I did get pretty involved with preparing a dressing for a Waldorf salad I made for Thanksgiving dinner this week) Pizzas (From scratch! Except with pizza bases, not just dough) Soups For this years Thanksgiving dinner, my entire family pitched in some portion of the meal. My mom, seizing on an opportunity to get me into the kitchen, asked me to come up with two things to prepare and to send a shopping list. I fired up my Epicurious app and picked out a Waldorf salad and a delicious Butternut Squash Soup, and then I forwarded along my list of needed ingredients. When Thanksgiving Day came and it was time for me to whip up my dishes, I brought my Kindle to read off the recipes and stream some jazz from a music festival that was ostensibly going on somewhere in Iowa. The instructions for my dishes called for, among other things: cored Granny Smith apples, sliced radishes and red onions, grated lemon rinds and mayonnaise, a handful of cranberries, a puree of butternut squash, nutmeg, marjoram, cinnamon, broth, and cream. It was a medley of different flavors for some good fall-time grub. What I didnt expect was me flowing into it quickly, getting lost in the music, the dicing of vegetables, the whirring of the blender In the process of making all of the food, I started to think about how the process mirrored the protocols of 5.310, an organic chemistry lab I took last spring, and 9.12. Had you asked me before about following protocols to make cool stuff happen, Id definitely know that cooking and lab work are analogous in that regard. But its different to do it, and to thus to have some notion related to and affirmed by an experience in real time. Also, prior to then, it still seemed different on some level, because you cant eat a lot of the chemicals you work with in 5.310, and the  HEK cells that I transfect almost every other week in lab dont sound too tasty. Even still, I always thought that science and chemistry were cool. And I knew on some level that cooking was basically that. So why didnt I get into the habit of cooking for myself or for others before? Honestly, I have no idea. Inertia, I guess? (I can be pretty lazy sometimes.) But at least I got around to it. Thats why, this year, on top of the family, friends, and relative fortune Ive run into this far in life, Im also thankful for having stumbled upon a new way to break out of food-related ruts. This isnt to say that me and Chipotle are hitting some tough times that could never happen but if my wallet ever needs a break, I can eat like someone in the real world! Well, kind of. But Im getting there.

Many characters in movies, television shows, and novels...

Many characters in movies, television shows, and novels have been portrayed or have been hinted to have a psychological disorder. Some examples are Ariel from The Little Mermaid, who has obsessive-compulsive disorder and is a hoarder, and Mike from the animated series Total Drama, who has dissociative identity disorder. This phenomenon has become more prevalent in popular media. These characters appear in all types of genres: psychological thrillers, comedies, mysteries, musicals, and more. The Big Bang Theory is a television sitcom that features a character that has many symptoms of a psychological disorder called Asperger’s syndrome, and this character is Sheldon Cooper. Asperger’s syndrome is a psychological disorder that â€Å"affects†¦show more content†¦Due to his lonely childhood, he is very awkward and walks and talks in abnormal ways. He is completely oblivious to humor and once tries to create an equation for humor so that he could better under stand it. Sheldon also has obsessions with Star Trek, Star Wars, flags, comic books, and trains, his main obsession. Even though Sheldon is not confirmed to have Asperger’s syndrome, some of the myths about it have been incorporated into the show and Sheldon. Asperger’s syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder are similar, but they are not the same thing. People can have both Asperger’s syndrome and OCD. Asperger’s syndrome is more common in males, and OCD is more common in females. On The Big Bang Theory, Sheldon has obsessive-compulsive tendencies along with symptoms of Asperger’s syndrome. He has his designated spot on the couch, does laundry on certain nights, and knocks on people’s doors three times and says their name three times. Sheldon exhibits the myth that he makes people very angry and irritated when he interacts (Hutten). Because Sheldon is awkward or uninformed about social situations, he can easily upset and anger p eople. For example, in one episode Sheldon insults an African American woman, the head of the Human Resources Department at the university where he works, by calling her a slave and giving her the novel Roots. Because Sheldon Cooper is never confirmed to have Asperger’s syndrome, no specific treatments are explored for him forShow MoreRelatedEssay about Hollywoods Take on the Civil War1911 Words   |  8 Pagescommunity’s devotion to the confederacy. After its box office success, many historians believed that the film had a strong influence on America’s perception of the Civil War. That influence being a backing attitude towards the Lost Cause. The term Lost Cause refers to the white southerners admirable view towards the defeated confederacy. In Gone with the Wind, this idea was expressed in several scenes. For example, one of the leading characters, Rhett Butler, joined the confederate army after he witnessedRead MoreFrankenstein Study Guide14107 Words   |   57 PagesTHE GLENCOE LITERATURE LIBRARY Study Guide for Frankenstein by Mary Shelley i To the Teachern The Glencoe Literature Library presents full-length novels and plays bound together with shorter selections of various genres that relate by theme or topic to the main reading. Each work in the Library has a two-part Study Guide that contains a variety of resources for both you and your students. Use the Guide to plan your instruction of the work and enrich your classroom presentations. InRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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The bifurcated internationalRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesWorld Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk ---------------------------------This edition published 2011  © Pearson Education Limited 2011 The rights of Gerry Johnson, Richard Whittington and Kevan Scholes to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Pearson Education is not responsible for the content of third party internet sites. ISBN: 978-0-273-73557-1 (printed) ISBN: 978-0-273-73552-6 (web) All rights reservedRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagescomprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provid ed. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious

The Matter Of Gun Control - 846 Words

In Hitler’s Table Talk, 1941-1944: His Private Conversations, Adolf Hitler was recorded as stating â€Å"The most foolish mistake we could possibly make would be to allow the subject races to possess arms. History shows that all conquerors who have allowed their subject races to carry arms have prepared their own downfall by so doing. Indeed, I would go so far as to say that the supply of arms to the underdogs is a sine qua non for the overthrow of any sovereignty† (Hitler, Cameron, Stevens, Trevor-Roper, 2000). The matter of gun control in America has long since been a rather controversial issue, with individuals on the left and right passionately voicing their opinions for their cause. Gail Collins and Michael A. Schwartz both address the matter of gun control in their respective New York Times and San Diego Union Tribune opinion articles, but they each do so in drastically dissimilar approaches. Gail Collins, author of The New York Times opinion article â€Å"Wanted: Straight Shooters†, takes a rather straight forward, common sense tactic to addressing the issue of gun control. Collins’ main point is that, since our government can’t agree on controlling the sale of guns, requiring citizens who wish to purchase and carry weapons around to pass a firearms training course. She goes on to point out that, currently, most states don’t require a citizen to demonstrate knowledge of how to safely and properly operate a firearm before a concealed carry permit is issued. New York PoliceShow MoreRelatedThe Matter Of Gun Control1816 Words   |  8 PagesThe matter of gun control has become an increasingly controversial issue. Whenever, a nationalized tragedy ensues that involves gun violence, the question on what to accomplish regarding America’s gun control takes center stage. While exploring this topic, this essay will attempt to discuss the circumst ances that prohibit a person from possessing firearms, also regulations to prevent these persons from possessing firearms. Upon reflecting on the personal side of the gun control debate, stricter gunRead MoreEthnographers Relevance in Aiding the Understanding of Diverse Social Issues 927 Words   |  4 Pagesis facing several social issues that include the matter about gay rights, gun control, capital punishment, environmental pollution among others (Totten Pedersen, 2012, p. 465). The social issue adopted for discussion in this paper is the matter pertaining to gun control that has been very divisive in the nation. The debate about gun control remains a great social issue since it elicits mixed reactions. 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The history of gun control legislation started in the 1920s-1930, which made it so that the states and congress could make laws on guns, before this congress had no say on guns and this made it possible for them to create laws. The National Firearm Act of 1934 made it so that owners must register any sawed-off shotguns with the TreasuryRead MoreGun Control: Regulating Concealed Guns1025 Words   |  4 PagesIt is very important to notice that the matter of regulation, first of all, refers to concealed guns. Lott (2013) states that th e problem of allowing concealed handguns--but not openly carried handguns--is based on the argument that â€Å"when guns are concealed, criminals are unable to tell whether the victim is armed before striking, which raises the risk to criminals of committing many types of crimes.† The author also speculates that, on the other hand, when â€Å"open-carry† handgun laws are adopted,Read MoreGun Control859 Words   |  4 PagesScholarly Essay: Gun Control There has been considerable debate recently in Canada over the issue of gun control. The Canadian parliament enacted the Firearms Act to enforce gun control by requiring gun owners to register their firearms. Just recently, the government of Alberta lead in a charge, including five other provinces and numerous pro-gun groups, complaining that the law is unconst... Gun Control Gun control Gun Control Part I:Introduction The issue of gun control and violenceRead MoreGun Control And Its Effect On The Country1310 Words   |  6 Pagesbut guns are the instrument of death. Gun control is necessary, and delay means more death and horror† (BrainyQuote, n.d.). Many people say that gun control will not affect violence rates in a country. Also, they say that if everyone has a gun, then that will stop mass massacres. The people who believe that gun control is not needed are wrong. This is because gun control has been proven to improve the safety of a country. For example, In Australia and Britain reduced violence caused by guns by puttingRead MoreThe Constitutional Right Of The Second Amendment1714 Words   |  7 Pagesthere have been many stories of shootings taken place across various parts of the United States, all of which bring up the highly volatile topic of gun control. Unlike many other wealthy countries, such as the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, and Australia , where gun ownership is strictly regulated, by in large-the US has very little universal gun control laws throughout the nation. This great controversy is based on the Constitutional right of the Second Amendment, stating, â€Å"A well regulated MilitiaRead MoreGun Control Vs. Gun Rights1099 Words   |  5 PagesReflection Paper One: Gun Control Vs. Gun Rights Whether you gather your information from the newspaper, radio, or a website, you have certainly been exposed to one of the most controversial, current debates. It seems that the media refuses to stop talking about this topic. In fact, as soon as the press over one event disappears another event seems to revive the debate. Some citizens say that we need more restrictive gun laws. Meanwhile, other Americans say that more guns are what is necessary.Read MoreThe Issue Of Gun Control1418 Words   |  6 PagesOctober 2014 Gun control has been a controversial issue in America for over a half-century. This issue has two sides. On one side, there are people who oppose gun control and believe that it is their right under the second amendment to own one or more assault weapons. Republicans such as Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, Governor Rick Perry of Texas and Senator Lindsey Graham of South Carolina are against gun control. On the other side of the issue, there are people who favor gun control and believe that

Irish English literature interaction Free Essays

The notion of Irish literature is often the subject of much critical contention. For some people Irish literature is reserved for works in the Irish language. The fact that the Irish language was almost eradicated during the nineteenth century is still, however few people actually now speak or write it in contemporary Ireland, an inescapable fact of Irish history and Irish literary history. We will write a custom essay sample on Irish English literature interaction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its eradication was, in part, a matter of political compulsion and also, in part, a matter of the tragic history of the vast scale of emigration which followed on the Irish Famine of 1845-8. This is why, among Irish writers who write in the English language, language itself becomes the focus of their reflection. Literature in English in Ireland has been a literature in which ideas of Ireland — of people, community and nation — have been both created and reflected. To understand how it is true it is necessary to contemplate the conceptions of a distinctively Irish identity which have been articulated, defended, and challenged. Another point to consider is how the perception of alienation, felt almost by all Irish writers, influences their choice of themes for literary works. For the material of my study I have chosen the works of two great Irish writers, prose writer Joyce and poet Heaney and American writer who nevertheless is regarded as English writer, Thomas Stern Eliot. The reason I choose to include Eliot in this essay is that he is much like Joyce and the comparison between those two geniuses with help to trace the ways of intersection and similarity of two cultural traditions. Another reason for choosing to study Eliot, together with Joyce and Heaney is that all three writers were exiles, the fact that influenced their literary style and themes. They knew and influenced each other.. Eliot founded new literary movement, and Joyce’s technical innovations still occupy his followers like Heaney. The work of all three great moderns exhibits the characteristic features of modern art in being difficult to the point of obscurity, complex, allusive, experimental in form, and encyclopedic in scope. The work of all three writers, especially Heaney’s, is imbued with the modern attitude to the past–that the past was radically different from the present but eternally haunts it and so is inescapably past-present. Of the three writers, Joyce was clearly driven into exile in order to write. Joyce wrote with scrupulous naturalism with its fidelity to detail and habit of naming names, and satiric vein. Outwardly rootless Joyce was not inwardly so. His life and art were transfixed, rooted in the Dublin he had known as a young man, which was the subject of all his work. Joyce constantly carried feeling of alienation in relation to his homeland. Joyce rejected his home, family, society, nation, and religion. Alienation is explicitly detailed in Dubliners, the collection of short stories focused on the exploration of Irish theme. One of those stories Araby focuses on a vagrant boy energized by a desire for escape from the confinement of Irish culture. The desire for such escape appears already in the first story of collection, continues in the second and finally materializes in the third. The epiphanies at the end of first three stories metaphorize the promise of freedom. To gain clear understanding of this metaphor of the travel in quest of liberation we have to illustrate what was the place of Irish culture in the broader aspect of British literature and how it is reflected in Joyce’s literary work. This story is a metaphor for Joyce’s life too, for his search for place where he would have been able to work. Joyce’s issue is to present the lives lived by his people and their characteristic and characteristically Irish ways of trying to make sense of them. The image of Dubliners illustrates more than the human condition; it illustrates the Dublin condition, which may be defined as an excessive degree of susceptibility to decay and loss. It is a condition not of excess but of deprivation. The first three stories The Sisters, Encounter and Araby are connected by the common hero, a boy, who is looking for something that is not there. Araby opens with an inspection of the empty back rooms of an abandoned house on a blind street: An uninhabited house of two stories stood at the blind end, detached from its neighbors in a square ground (Joyce, 29), concludes with the lights going out in an emptied hall: The upper part of the hall was now completely dark. Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity (Joyce, 36), and in between tracks the narrator as his money and the dreams built on it come, by degrees, to nothing. The story gives much attention to detail. In the scene at the marketplace, the narrator offers vivid metonymic of the boy’s world. The boy aspires to commence his journey to Araby, a journey which is metaphorized as chivalric quest. His destination is eastward, the East is even more important metaphorically to the boy: â€Å"The syllables of the word Araby were called to me through the silence in which my soul luxuriated and cast an Eastern enchantment over me† (Joyce, 32). Because he had thought the East would be the proper place in which his desire might be realized, he is disillusioned, as readers, of Araby by his encounter with the actuality of the â€Å"empty† bazaar with its â€Å"magical name. † On arrival to the Araby the boy discovers absolutely discouraging scene which makes him describe himself, in this confrontation with the real world, in one of Joyce’s most famous sentences: â€Å"Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger† (Joyce, 35). What the boy had expected as the completion of his traveling toward Araby, namely the validation of his mastery, ends by confirming, at least in his own eyes, his powerlessness. The wanted to find what the priest, the dead father, has lost: faith in the ability to liberate himself and thereby to make at least the journey, into the unknown. Furthermore, he must find a means of bringing that â€Å"poetry† found in the books into touch with the â€Å"prose,† or reality of ordinary Dublin life. Eliot, like Joyce, was an exile. He left United States and found in England an organic society which satisfied his hunger for tradition and order; society, politics, and religion were more closely related and institutionalized in England than in the United States. Unlike Joyce Eliot’s poetry is universal but there is little specifically local attributions, Eliot’s work is not as local as Joyce’s is. When we look at his poems for physical evidence of his adopted country, we find little. Such images as there are of city, village, church, or stately home are universalized, made symbolic. Eliot in his poetry tends to touch upon unconventional philosophical issues like what will happen if we lose the capacity to see the community between persons and lose the capacity to believe in any real community between persons. Such a hypothetical situation is exemplified in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock where the â€Å"eyes that fix you in a formulated phrase† (Eliot, line 56) have made the community between persons unable to be seen. The climax is in the middle of the poem, where we see most clearly what the theme of this poem is; it is the peculiar affliction of our age — metaphysical blindness. The middle is the most intricate one in the poem, but if we concentrate on what is essential, following Prufrock as he struggles up the stairs, as he wrestles with the dead lumber in his head, and as he draws near to the person he has come to visit, there is a moment of suspended thought, a moment when Prufrock is his experience, a moment typical of in Eliot’s works, where the door out of the corridor suddenly opens, and we are invaded by a sense of reality. The opening here is not much more than a crack: the flash of light to light as the lamplight is reflected from the brown hair on the woman’s arms. But it is sufficient not only to throw Prufrock off his bent: â€Å"Is it perfume from a dress/ That makes me so digress? † (Eliot, line 65) but almost to bring him to act. His â€Å"Shall I say . . . ?† shows him on the verge of entering a real present. But then he falls back, and rejoins the arthropods, because he has nothing to act with, just as he had nothing to confront the streets with: here, for example, he did not see the light answering light. This scene illustrates what is meant by the theme of metaphysical blindness. The poetic collection Prufrock Other Observations had made Eliot famous in the English-speaking literary world. The interplay between Irish and English literature is continued by Joyce’s follower Seamus Heaney. This divided tradition states the essential condition of the modern Irish mind. The Irish literary tradition proffered a sense of identity which became the preoccupation of Irish writers of the early twentieth-century like Joyce; that identity still confounds contemporary poets like Seamus Heaney. Modern poetry in general is haunted by the divided mind, a reflection of man cut off from his past, confused about meaning, and attempting to reconcile himself to his solitude. In the Irish literary tradition that reconciliation is defined in cultural and national terms. The struggle for reconciliation becomes embroiled in the question of identity. Heaney wrote in the early seventies, his poems have as their focus the relation of England to Ireland which tends to be that of domineering male to helpless female. His was a witness of cruelty in Belfast when Catholic student arranged civil rights marches. Heaney moved from Belfast at the peak of this conflict, but his poem Punishment presents his experiences: â€Å"I can see her drowned / body in the bog, / the weighting stone, / the floating rods and boughs†. (Heaney, 1975) In this poem Heaney explores a theme of revenge for betrayal but admits his own feebleness when facing violence inculcated for ages: â€Å"I almost love you / but would have cast, I know, / the stones of silence. I am the artful voyeur / your brain’s exposed and darkened combs†¦ † (Heaney, 1975) This poem as other in collection North, are Heaney’s ‘bog poems’, in which he disturbs very dark emotions and appeals to the political and social situation in his native Northern Ireland. Heaney’s through the interpretation of the past gives his comments on the present in concealed yet strong manner. In conclusion, Heaney, Eliot, and Joyce all exemplify the case of the artist who due to various reason is forced to abandon his homeland. Eliot freed himself from America in order to transplant himself elsewhere. Joyce was trying to find a perfect place for his creative activity. Despite his love-hate relationship with Ireland Joyce remained faithful to Ireland in spirit. Heaney deserted North Ireland because of unstable political situation but often resorted to it in his works. Thus we see, beyond certain similarities in their work, striking contrasts in the lives of these three writers. Joyce preceded and prepared the way for Heaney, as an Irishman writing happily in English. These should enable us better to understand them and the general problem of the alienation of the modern artist. Works Cited List: Eliot T. S. â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† in Prufrock and Other Observations. New York: Bartleby. Com, 2000 Heaney, Seamus. â€Å"Punishment† in North. London: Faber and Faber, 1975 Joyce, James. Dubliners. London: Penguin Group, 1996 How to cite Irish English literature interaction, Essays

Gender Bias in Language Essay Example For Students

Gender Bias in Language Essay Language is a very powerful element. It is the most common method of communication. Yet it is often misunderstood an misinterpreted, for language is a very complicated mechanism with a great deal of nuance. There are times when in conversation with another individual, that we must take into account the persons linguistic genealogy. There are people who use language that would be considered prejudicial or biased in use. But the question that is raised is in regard to language usage: is the language the cause of the bias or is it reflective of the preexisting bias that the user holds? We will write a custom essay on Gender Bias in Language specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There are those who believe that the language that we use in day-to-day conversation is biased in and of itself. They feel that the term mailman, for example, is one that excludes women mail carriers. Then there are those who feel that language is a reflection of the prejudices that people have within themselves. That is to say that the words that people choose to use in conversation denote the bias that they harbor within their own existence. There are words in the English language that are existing or have existed some of them have changed with the new wave of political correctness coming about that have inherently been sexually biased against women. For example, the person who investigates reported complaints as from consumers or students, reports findings, and helps to achieve equitable settlements is ombudsman Merriam Webster Dictionary Ombudsperson here at Indiana State University. This is an example of the gender bias that exists in the English language. The language is arranged so that men are identified with glorified and exalted positions, and women are identified with more service-oriented positions in which they are being dominated and instructed by men. So the language used to convey this type of male supremacy is generally reflecting the honored position of the male and the subservience of the female. Even in relationships, the male in the home is often referred to as the man of the house, even if it is a 4-year-old-child. It is highly insulting to say that a 4-year-old male, based solely on his gender, is more qualified and capable of conducting the business and affairs of the home than his possibly well-educated, highly intellectual mother. There is a definite disparity in that situation. In American culture, a woman is valued for the attractiveness of her body, while a man is valued for his physical strength and his accomplishments 50. Even in the example of word pairs the bias is evident. The masculine word is put before the feminine word. As in the examples of Mr. nd Mrs. , his and hers, boys and girls, men and women, kings and queens, brothers and sisters, guys and dolls and host and hostess 52. This shows that the semantic usage of many of the English words is also what contributes to the bias present in the English language. Alleen Pace Nielsen notes that there are instances when women are seen as passive while men are active and bring things into being. She uses the example of the wedding ceremony. In the beginning of the ceremony, the father is asked who gives the bride away and he answers, I do. The problem here is that it is at this point that Neilsen contends that the gender bias comes into play. The traditional concept of the bride as something to be handed from one man the father to another man the husband-to-be is perpetuated 52. Another example is in the instance of sexual relationships. The women become brides while men wed women. The man takes away a womans virginity and a woman loses her virginity. This denotes her inability, apparently due to her gender, to hold on to something that is a part of her, and enforcing the mans ability and right to claim something that is not his. .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf , .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf .postImageUrl , .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf , .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf:hover , .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf:visited , .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf:active { border:0!important; } .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf:active , .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u83862f84fe96f9256d2e99b92eebdbcf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Comparing Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The EssayTo be a man, according to some linguistic differences, would be considered an honor. To be endowed by genetics with the encoding of a male would be as having been shown grace, unmerited favor. There are far greater positive connotations connected with being a man than with being a woman. Neilsen yields the example of shrew and shrewd. The word shrew is taken from the name of a small be especially viscous animal, however in Neilsens dictionary, a shrew was identified as an ill-tempered, scolding woman. In the same light, the word shrewd comes from the same root; however, it was defined as marked by clever discerning aw areness. It was noted in her dictionary as a shrewd businessman 52. It is also commonplace not to scold little girls for being tomboys but to scoff at little boys who play with dolls or ride girls bicycles. In the conversations that come up between friends, you sometimes hear the words babe, broad, and chick. These are words that are used in reference to or directed toward women. It is certainly the persons prerogative to use these words to reflect women, but why use them when there are so many more to choose from? Language is the most powerful tool of communication and the most effective tool of communication. It is also the most effective weapon of destruction. There are times when people use the language to validate whatever prejudices they may harbor. For years, Merriam-Webster Dictionary held as their primary definition for the word nigger something to the affect of term used to refer to persons of darker skin. This proved to be true even after most other dictionaries changed the definition of nigger to mean an ignorant or uninformed person. Blacks directly felt this. The fact this notable dictionary continued to use as their definition this stereotype validated to the rest of the English speaking world that this was an appropriate reference to make when talking to or about Blacks. Even today, Merriam-Webster continues to use this definition as well as another that says that nigger means a black person, along with a definition that says a nigger is a member of a group of socially disadvantaged persons. But even in that, one cannot ignore the underlying prejudicial tones of that definition. Although there are biases that exist in the English language, there has been considerable change toward recognizing these biases and making the necessary changes formally so that they will be implemented socially. It is necessary for people to make the proper adjustments internally to use appropriate language to effectively include both genders. We qualify language. It is up to us to decide what we will allow to be used and made proper in the area of language.